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As a new Linux user looking for Linux training, you need to learn how to use Linux commands. And one of the most commonly used Linux file system commands is the cd (change directory) command.

Using the Linux cd Command

The Linux cd (change directory) command is used to change from your current directory (folder) into a different directory.

You need to change into a directory with the cd command to do Linux administration tasks like:

create a new file or remove an existing file
copy or move a file to a different directory

edit and modify a file, such as a Linux text configuration file for a Linux server

create a new directory or remove an existing directory
copy or move a directory to a different directory

Linux cd Command Example - Changing into a Directory Below the Current Directory

To change directory into a directory “below” the current directory, you type in cd and a space and the name of the directory you want to change into.

For example, to change into a directory named “letters” below the current directory, you run the following command.

]$ cd letters

To change into a different directory, below the current directory, just replace “letters” with the name of the directory.

Linux Tips: A directory inside the current directory is considered “below” the current directory, and is called a subdirectory.

Linux cd Command Example - Changing Directory Up One Directory (Level)

To change directory up one directory (level), you type in cd and a space and then two dots (periods).

For example, if you have moved into the directory named “letters” and want to go back (up) to your previous directory, you run the following command.

]$ cd ..

Linux Tips: The directory above the current directory is also called the “parent” directory.

Beyond This “Linux Training Online” Article

The Linux cd command is used in many other ways to navigate around the Linux file system.

To continue your Linux training, you also need to learn how to use the cd command to: change to the root directory, change directory using an absolute path, and also easily change into a directory parallel to the current directory.

You can clearly and easily see all of the Linux concepts and commands shown above (and lots more!) by watching a Linux video tutorial.

With this method of Linux training, you can see how to use a Linux command step-by-step and also hear how to run the command. This is a very easy way to learn how to use Linux.

In modern western world the demand for energy has increased dramatically in the past century and it will grow even further and harder in the near future than ever before. The need for energy rises with upcoming markets that also need more energy. Energy is needed for cars, buses, and other means of transportation, but also to run our appliances and provides us light. Energy is also important for our safety. At night or in the dark a lot can be stolen without proper lightning. Energy is therefore needed for our development and safety.

The way we use energy today comes from knowledge that has it’s foundations in the past century and before. Great men like Newton and Philips have set the path for us today to make proper use of energy. The sources which we use for our energy demand are known as non-renewable energy resources. These sources will be discussed here in the article.

Definition of Non-Renewable Energy Resources

The name really explains it very well. Non-renewable energy resources are natural resources that cannot be recycled or re-grown. These natural resources are fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas. It also includes mined resources such as the elements used in the production of electricity (uranium and plutonium, for instance). These resources replenish itself in a quicker rate.

Fossil fuels are very versatile. One of their functions is to generate electricity. In order to generate electricity, fossil fuels are burned through the process of combustion. The energy produced from the combustion process is used to power a turbine. The turbine is responsible for the conversion of energy produced from combusted fossil fuels into electricity.

Coal

Coal is one the most used fossil fuels. It is consider too be the most important energy source to produce electricity. The U.S. produces 50% of its energy supply through the combustion of coal. The coal itself is a brownish-black sedimentary rock which contains carbon and other assorted elements. It is extracted from the ground through underground mining or open-pit mining.

Natural Gas

Natural gas is also used to produce electricity. The electricity is produced through steam turbines and gas turbines. Because the gas contains methane the combustion emits less harmful gasses that have a negative effect on global warming. Thus natural gasses are better for the environment compared to petroleum and coal.

There is also another use for it and that is as fuel for cars. It is much cheaper that gasoline and produces less harmful gasses. The disadvantage of running your car on natural gas is that you need more fuel compared to gasoline and the car needs more maintenance. In countries like Argentina, Brazil, Pakistan, Italy, The Netherlands and India it is used as a fuel for cars.

Crude oil

This fuel is the most talk about for the past year(s). The prices for crude oil have gone through the roof and will be rising even more. The demand is increasing while there is less crude oil available. The term black gold is now more applicable than ever before.

The oil itself is very think in consistency and has a dark brown or greenish colour characteristic. It is a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons.

Crude oil or petroleum has various uses. It can be used as fuel or cars and different industrial machines. It is also used as a raw material for products like plastics, solvents, fertilizers and pesticides.

Although the need for crude oil is high and the demand is rising the available crude oil is decreasing. That leaves us no other option than to look for alternatives.

Non-renewable energy plays a very important role in our daily lives. Non-renewable energy will be needed today and in the future. Because this energy source cannot be recycled or re-grown the reserves are limited. The consequences of the shortages of fossil fuels are experienced today and tomorrow. We will need to use these fossil fuels wisely and will need to shift our focus to other renewable energy source. These are the sources that we need to focus on today and years to come.

Keeping one’s own spell book, more commonly known as a Book of Shadows, is a common practice in Wicca. It is not hard to see why, as it can be very helpful to keep a Book of Shadows. It is a way to keep all of your spells, rituals, and magical experiences together in one place, which makes for efficient and therefore effective spell casting.

Keeping a Book of Shadows is an opportunity to let your creative side come out, as well. Illustrate the pages, use different colored inks, and include pictures. Write the whole thing in calligraphy if you like, or use black paper with silver ink! Remember, your Book of Shadows is your personal, private habitat, so don’t let anything stop you from transforming it in the way that feels best to you.

A Book of Shadows is all well and good, but where does the new witch begin learning spells and ritual? Well, there are plenty of spell books out there to purchase. I recommend reading everything you can get your grubby paws on, and then writing down the spells and rituals that work best for you in your own Book of Shadows. Also write down the spells and rituals you’ve modified, and the results of those modifications. This way you have everything you need close to hand and in one book, which makes it so you don’t have to dig out a number of different books to gain access to the spells you need at any given time.

Some of the spell books I like are Aoumiel’s Green Witchcraft, The Mysteries of Isis by DeTraci Regula, and The Druid Animal Oracle. These books are appropriate for the beginning witch as well as the witch who has been practicing for a while.

Aoumiel’s Green Witchcraft focuses on nature and herb magic, and can give you some ideas for starting an herb garden. She also explains how she found her Craft Name, which is a very important part of anyone’s initial “step” into the world of Magick. She is a witch that comes from a family tradition, and brings that experience to her discussions of nature magic. Her book is also written for the solitary practioner, but a witch that practices as part of a group can still glean some useful wisdom from Amiouel’s writings.

So, as you can see, there are so many different kinds of spell books that you can use to get new spells, and record the results of successfull spells that you cast. There are many uses for spell books, and I’d recommend even writing one of your own based on your experiences in the craft.

hat a difference a year makes, especially to the UFC heavyweight division. Just a year ago, it was thought by many that the UFC heavyweight division was the least interesting of the weight classes. In fact, the moment that Tim Sylvia defeated Andrei Arlovski for the UFC heavyweight title in April 2006, it became the UFC’s most boring division. In fact, 2 minutes and 43 seconds into that fight Arlovski went down and with it, the excitement left.

July of last year saw a rematch with Sylvia facing Arlovski again, but unlike their first two bouts this one would go the distance. It was the longest 25 minutes of my MMA watching life. Neither fighter engaged, neither landed big shots or attempted big take downs. Something had to be done, the hard core UFC fans did not want to see Arlovski Sylvia 4, and there were no other real challengers.

Something has happened since then, barely 9 months have passed and one title defense later sees the UFC’s heavyweight division as the best in the sport. The first event was the signing of Pride standout heavyweight Mirko “Cro Cop”. Mirko’s incredible striking and strong take down defense earned him recognition as one of the 5 best heavyweights in the world. It was assumed by many, including myself, that Mirko was brought in as a hired gun to end Tim Sylvia’s reign of terror and restore honor to the UFC heavyweight ranks.

Mirko may never get that chance, at least not with Tim Sylvia at the helm. As it turns out 43 year old Randy “The Natural” Couture decided to come out of retirement and challenge for the heavyweight title. While I’m not a huge Tim Sylvia fan, I did not give Randy much of a chance because of Tim’s enormous size and reach advantage, not to mention that he’s 12 or 13 years younger than Randy. Randy proved me wrong by dominating a 5 round fight. The excitement was back and Randy Couture was back on top!

UFC president Dana White was apparently not satisfied with just having a few good heavyweight fighters though, recently he’s signed Brazilian submission masters Antonio Rodrigo Nogeura and Fabricio Werdum to UFC contracts. It is unknown when “Big Nog” will get his first fight in the UFC, but we do know that Werdum is to fight former heavyweight champion Andrei Arlovski on April 21, 2007 at UFC 70 “Nations Collide”. Oh, did I forget to mention the perennial heavyweight contender Heath Herring? While Heath hasn’t looked spectacular in his first two UFC outings, he was always near the top when he fought in Japan’s Pride organization.

So, here’s how the UFC Heavyweight division stacks up as I see it:

1 Randy Couture - UFC Heavyweight Champion
2 Mirko Cro Cop - #1 contender (will get a title shot if he wins at UFC 70 against Gabriel Gonzaga)
3 Antonio Rodrigo Nogeura - #2 contender, no fights set yet.
4 Andrei Arlovski, Tim Sylvia, Fabricio Werdum are all tied for this spot as I see it.
5 Gabriel Gonzaga - if he beats Cro Cop at UFC 70 he will get a title shot.

It’s also been rumored that a win at UFC 70 by Andrei Arlovski will get him another title shot later this year.

2007 is a banner year for UFC heavyweight fans. I for one am enjoying the it.

How does a Glow Plug work you ask? To start at the basics the glow plug is what makes your nitro engine run.

First off the glow plug is heated by an external power source. A glow plug igniter. The igniter heats the element, causing it to glow.

This starts the chain reaction of igniting the fuel on the compression stroke and starting the internal- combustion cycle. The glow plug igniter can be removed and your nitro engine is running at idle.

Now why does nitro engine stay running? Presuming your carburetor is tuned correctly. This is where science comes into play. There is heat generated in the combustion cycle. This heat is called “the catalytic reaction”.

A catalytic reaction occurs causing platinum to glow in the presence of “methyl-alcohol,” or “methanol”. This catalytic reaction will occur on it’s own without any outside power source. All of this only comes onto play during low rpm and when there is not enough heat being generated to burn all the fuel vapor. The catalytic reaction changes as rpms and temperature rise. This has just been a very basic explanation of how a glow plug works at low rpm or idle.

Next let us look at what makes up a glow plug. There are five basic parts to a glow plug. We are going to look at a glow plug from the top to the bottom.

1. The post that sticks out of the top of the glow plug, the positive connection.

2. The heating coil is connected to the positive connection making these two items are one piece. The coil is made out of platinum and some makers use rhodium.

3. The post and coil are separated from the plug body by a washer. The washer is called an insulator. The insulator is most often made of “mica”, which is a non-conductive material. The insulator prevents electricity from bypassing the coil to find a ground. Plus, it can withstand extreme heat.

4. The plug body, this is the part that screws into the head of the engine. Usually made of steel, for two reasons, it is cheap and makes an ground for the coil.

5. On the top of the body is a crimp washer, this holds all the parts together. Almost all glow plugs use a crimp washer. The only exception is the O’Donnell glow plugs. They have a different design and do not use a crimp washer.

The RC nitro engine glow plug is and can be a mysterious little creature. It can make our rc vehicles run great or be very temperamental beasts. Understanding how and why glow plugs work will make it easier to keep your rc vehicle/s running to their highest potential.

Your progression from superior Texas Hold ‘em Poker player to eventual tournament champion begins with mastering shorthanded games. Shorthanded games typically involve five or six players and are very common in online poker rooms. When you are playing in a shorthanded game the action can come to you fast and furious. You’ll be playing in more hands more quickly than in your typical ring games.

Playing in shorthanded games will typically favor the aggressive player. Because there are fewer players to begin with, hands that are not thought of as premium hands rise in value. Examples of this are medium pairs and high cards that you wouldn’t normally raise with in a full game (A-8, 8-8, 7-7…). If you are raising before the flop, when the flop comes down and your opponents do not connect with it you may very well steal the pot.

Drawing hands in shorthanded games are typically not good hands to play with because of the limited number of players in the game. It is highly unlikely that you will get pots large enough to make it worthwhile to chase.

If you do not have a hand that you feel comfortable raising with you may be better off folding and waiting to play a better hand.

Just because you are playing in a shorthanded game do not plan on playing a greater number of hands, rather, play the hands that you do play more aggressively.

Being aggressive and occasionally bluffing in a shorthanded game, especially when others are checking and calling, will allow you to pick up small pots. Your aggressive plays may make others fold and hand the pot over to you. While it may not work every time, in the long run it usually proves to be profitable.

If you find that most of your opponents will only bet when they are turning pairs, a well timed bluff can steal the pot for you.

When you find yourself seated in late position in a shorthanded game and your opponents before you have folded, a raise can force the blinds to fold thereby winning you the pot. This move, known as stealing the blinds can also be an effective way to pick up small pots and add to your chip total.

Playing in shorthanded games is also great practice for playing in tournaments. As your opponents are knocked out of the game, you’ll be going up against fewer players. Playing in shorthanded games will prepare you for these situations.

You’ll also find lots of shorthanded games played online. With players dropping in and out for a few hands before dinner or on a lunch break at work, it is not uncommon to be sitting at a table up against ten opponents one moment and then before you know it you’ll be up against Five opponents.

On a final note, with all the extra hands that you will be playing in shorthanded games your bankroll can take large swings. You need to be ready to handle these swings. Shorthanded games can be very profitable and remember you will need to know how to play in a shorthanded game if you ever want to play in and win a tournament.

Having your own car means being independant from others. You can reach places that you can’t reach with a bike, bus or train. There are a couple of decisions you have to make before buying a car: Do you want to buy a used or a new car? Do you want to pay cash, with a credit card or do you want to apply for an auto loan?

Buying a new car has many benefits, you can be sure to get a reliable ride and a good looking car. Maybe you are even able to purchase your dream car. With a good new car loan you can be sure to get the car of your dreams. These new car loans are approved very fast, in a matter of days. Then you can go with your check or credit card to a car dealer and buy the perfect car.

In case you want to apply for a used or new car loan, you want to do some research on this topic first. There are different interest rates, your credit history or credit report and several other topics to gain knowledge about before applying for a car loan.

Be sure to apply for an auto loan that you can pay back. Nothing is worse then giving your new car to the bank just because you were not able to pay the monthly interest rates. You can use several loan calculators to figure out the amount of loan you can afford. Use one of the big finance companies, online loan companies or banks to apply for a car loan. Don’t go for those offers that sound like they just can’t be true. In most cases they aren’t and you will end up in dept.

There is this Chinese Saying that literally translates to “Failure Is The Mother Of Success!”. Basically, it means that failure is like a mother who will give birth to success. A more proper way to phrase it will be failure precedes success. Usually, it is use to encourage someone who have just encountered a failure or setback in life. It helps to remind the person that one will definitely need to go through the experience of failures before one can succeed.

Though I heard of this saying numerous times during my upbringing, I never really realized the full meaning of the saying. Actually, there is another way to interpret the saying. If I want to succeed quickly, I need to experience as many failures as possible in the shortest possible time.

Why? Each failure is due to a mistake or a combination of mistakes. If I can learn from my mistakes, I will improve in whatever I am trying doing. When I experience failure faster, it simply means that I have made mistakes quicker. This gives me the opportunity to learn from my mistakes earlier. And I will improve faster. At this fast rate of learning from mistakes, my success will be nearer.

This reminds me of my experience on trying to learn to ride a bicycle while I was a teenager. Of course, I did not manage to balance myself on the very first attempt. In fact, I had lost my balance numerous times and injured myself. But I did not give up because I knew that I was improving with each failed attempt. This is because I was learning from my mistakes.

Somewhere along my life, I have forgotten about this simple principle that in order to success, I need to go through failures and learn from my mistakes. Like everyone else, I have my dreams. But I am afraid to pursue my dreams because I am afraid of failure. This fear of failure causes me to procrastinate on pursuing my dreams. If I had recalled that principle early, I would have taken actions to pursue my dreams sooner. How did I manage to remember this principle again? Well, the Rich Dad series reminded me of such a principle.

Why does understanding that principle help me to overcome the fear of failure? Basically, there is a shift in perception on the value of failure. I used to associate failure with no value or negative value.

If I fail in whatever I am trying to do, people will look down on me. That is how I perceive failure. With the paradigm shift that failure benefit me positively so that I can succeed faster, the fear of failure is reduced.

Other than the paradigm shift, I have adopted additional steps to enhance my chance of success in whatever I am trying to achieve. Firstly, I will focus on my goal instead of my fears. If my goal is to learn ice-skating, I do not focus on the dangers of falling and injuring myself. That is I do not imagine the fears of falling and the pains from the injuries before they have really happened. Instead, I focus on mastering the skill properly so that I do not fall and injure myself.

Secondly, I leverage on my past success experience. If I can successful perform a fire walking, then I definitely can master ice-skating since fire walking is a much difficult task. Well, if you do not have such a special experience like fire walking, what can you leverage on? The answer is the mastery of walking. It is a common success experience that everyone can leverage on except the handicap.

Have you ever wonder how you had mastered walking as a child? Can you recall that? Walking is a difficult skill to master as a child. But we have done it through trials and errors with the encouragement of our parents and loved ones. Since we can learn to walk, we definitely can learn other skills or do other difficult tasks if we put our heart and mind into doing so.

Thirdly, I will leverage on the experience of people who had already mastered it or done it before. The best way is to get a coach to guide and teach me. But if I cannot find a coach, then the next best alternative is learned from books, videos and audio courses.

Lastly, I will come out with an actionable plan with quantified milestones to measure my progress. By constantly checking my progress against my plan, I will be forced to reflect on my actions. What have I done incorrectly that causes the delay in my progress? What can I do to correct the situation?

With all the above steps in place, my fear of failure is greatly reduced. My chance of success is greatly enhanced.

* DISCLAIMER *

The author, publisher and distributors particularly disclaim any liability, loss, or risk taken by individuals who directly or indirectly act on the information contained herein. All readers must accept full responsibility for their use of this material.

With all its snow covered, glistening beauty brings a need for some serious skin care because of the extreme cold and lack of humidity that it brings. While summertime usually offers the skin a natural moisture (to an extent), winter brings a natural dryness.

It is important to counteract winters dry, scaly skin in order to combat aging that can happen as well as protect your skin from chapping, cracking, and becoming irritated. Most of the time, chapping and irritation can be itching, and scratching leads to breaks in your skin. When your skin cracks, you are vulnerable to attacks from bacteria, viruses, and allergens. By keeping your skin hydrated and cared for, it is in prime condition to do its main job: protecting you.

One of the hardest things for many people (especially in colder climates) is to realize that the suns rays can damage your skin in the winter, just as they can in the summer. Actually, skin that is regularly exposed to winters UV rays (in snowy climates) is actually more apt to suffer damage that the same skin during summer.

This is due to two factors. The first factor is the snow. When the suns rays hit this natural white covering, the do much more than glisten; they reflect. This means that as the UV rays flow from sun to earth, your skin is hit, but then the hit the snow and bounce back skyward. Those rays will again hit your exposed skin. It is quite the same concept as someone who tans using a foil tanning blanket. The other factor is the fact that very few people realize that they should be wearing sunscreen in the winter.

People who do a lot of snow skiing usually know to use this handy little protector, but the every day crowd simply does not consider the rays and their reflection. You have probably experienced a dry, red face after being outside during winter, you probably told people that you had windburn. Did you ever consider that it looked exactly like your summer sunburn?

If you had sunglasses on, was there a white, raccoon style mask on your face where the glasses were? Although wind can definitely chap the skin, creating an incredible burning sensation, many people who think they have windburn are actually suffering from winter sunburn.

Obviously, the answer to this condition is to remember to use your sunscreen on any areas of your skin that are exposed to the wintry weather conditions. This is especially important if your are using any skin care products or medications applied to the skin that contain tretinoin as an active ingredient.

If you do a lot of exfoliating, you may find that you should adjust your routine so that you are not exfoliating quite as much. Dry skin can be irritated by exfoliation through alpha hydroxy acids, so you may want to consider just using an alpha hydroxy based exfoliating treatment only one time per week or less.

Humidifiers can help keep your skin moist during dry winter weather, too. Although many skin care guides recommend that you utilize these, I feel compelled to tell you that you should not use them if you are allergic to molds or mildew. If you are not, that’s great! Humidifiers are going to be able to help you. If you or someone in your house suffers from these allergies, it is not recommended for you to use a humidifier. Remember that internal harm shows up on the outside.

No matter how much the humidifier would help your skin from the outside, if you are suffering through internal irritation from allergies, it will show in your skins condition.

Overly hot showers are not good for your skin any time of the year, but during winter, they are especially harmful. Natural oils are broken down and stripped from the skin in hot water.

Likewise, you should consider using detergent free cleansers during winter months, as these will leave many of the beneficial natural oils in your skin and cleanse the excess oil and debris away.

The new Mercedes-Benz R-Class is not only offering new interior features but is sporting a makeover look that is distinguished by its highly distinctive body styling package at the front and rear, 18-inch light-alloy wheels, and circular fog lamps offered for all V6 versions. The R 500 4MATIC which is considered to be the range’s crème de la crème is fitted with 19-inch wheels. There are also three brand new paint colors that customers may choose from like the calcite white, sanidine beige or periclase green.

The engine lineup is enhanced by the new V6 petrol powerplant in the R 280, which is commended for its impressive power delivery and moderate fuel-consumption figures. This particular engine produces 170 kW/231 hp enabling the R-Class to sprint from 0 to 100 km/h in 9.6 seconds and consuming only a mere 10.9 liters of premium unleaded per 100 km (NEDC-combined figure). The R 280 CDI 4MATIC fitted with the latest-generation common-rail diesel engine that delivers 140 kW/190 hp was also made more fuel efficient. It can reach a peak torque of 440 Nm. The V6 powerplant delivers smooth performance and yet consumes only 9.3 liters of diesel per 100 km.

The R 500 4MATIC model is equipped with a new engine in the form of a 5.5 liter V8 that revs up 285 kW/388 hp with a peak torque of 530 Nm which guarantees an impressive performance figure. The flagship V8 engine produces 82 hp more than the previous model plus fuel consumption has been reduced by up to 7 percent (all NEDC-combined figures). All the R-Class models are given the innovative 7G-TRONIC automatic transmission with Direct Select lever on the steering column.

Mercedes-Benz is also offering three new entry level R-Class models and these are the R 280 CDI, the R 280, and the R 350. These three new entry level R-Class are equipped with V6 engine with rear wheel drive and a choice of a short or long wheelbase. These three also records an even lower fuel consumption figures. At present the most fuel-efficient R-Class is the R 280 CDI which used up 8.9 liters of diesel per 100 km (NEDC combined). It is equipped with quality Mercedes-Benz auto parts such as the Mercedes-Benz fuel filter designed to provide added performance while boosting fuel efficiency.

Mercedes-Benz has also made sure that all of its five-seater and 4+2 seater R-Class models are equipped with steel suspension while air suspension with level control is available as an option for the rear axle. Similarly, all the 5+2 seater variants together with the flagship R 500 4MATIC model are equipped with air suspension with level control fitted as a standard feature at the rear. The AIRMATIC air suspension with the Adaptive Damping System (ADS) is offered as an option for all versions.

All R-Class models are to feature new items of standard equipment that makes driving or traveling even more comfortable. Take for instance the Thermatic automatic climate control which is equipped with a combination filter to further reduce the pollutants in the air inside the vehicle while the spacious glove compartment now incorporates an AUX-IN connection for external audio or entertainment devices.

Aside from the extensive standard equipment package, the R-Class offers a number of assistance systems that represent the pinnacle in handling comfort and safety and back up the claim to leadership in this particular market segment. These systems referred to are the Distronic proximity control, Linguatronic voice-operated control and a reversing camera for safe, easy parking, and maneuvering especially when visibility is poor.

The driver needs only to choose the reverse gear or “R” which appears in the COMAND APS display. Passengers at the back may also choose their own programme of onboard entertainment courtesy of the rear-seat entertainment system. There are also comfort-enhancing options offered such as the auxiliary heater with remote control and an electrically heated steering wheel ideal for cold weather.

The result of the scientific studies conducted by DaimlerChrysler research department verifies the level of comfort provided by the R-Class. The said comfort level has major effect on the drive-fitness safety. According to the study, driver stress is measured basing on the heart rate and was found out to be much lower in the R-Class as compared to other vehicles. The new R-Class range is now available in various authorized Mercedes Benz outlets and deliveries will start in autumn this year. The prices start at € 46,707.50 inclusive of VAT (R 280 short-wheelbase) —good news since it’s below the previous entry-level price of $50,337. The long wheelbase models have prices that start at € 48,492.50 inclusive of VAT (R 280 long-wheelbase) compared to the previous entry-level price of € 54,621.